Kaup, B., Lüdtke, J., & Zwaan, R. A. (2005). Effects of negation, truth value, and delay on picture recognition after reading affirmative and negative sentences. In Proceedings of the 27th annual conference of the cognitive science society (pp. 1114-1119). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Kaup, B.; Ludtke, J.; Zwaan, R.

2005

Kaup, B., Lüdtke, J., & Zwaan, R. A. (2005). Effects of negation, truth value, and delay on picture recognition after reading affirmative and negative sentences. In Proceedings of the 27th annual conference of the cognitive science society (pp. 1114-1119). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

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Participants read sentences of the type The X is (not)above/below the Y and were subsequently presented with apicture of the two objects mentioned in the sentence, either inthe correct or in the incorrect spatial relation. Participantsjudged as quickly as possible whether both depicted objectswere mentioned in the sentence. A negation-by-truth-valueinteraction was observed when the picture was presentedwithout delay; a main effect of truth value was observed whenthe delay was 1500 ms. Both response-time patterns are wellknown from studies employing a sentence-picture verificationtask. Our results indicate that these findings are not dependenton verification. They moreover indicate that temporalcharacteristics of the task help explain why and when one or theother response-time pattern emerges. An account in terms of theexperiential-simulations view of comprehension is discussed.

For the short-delay condition we found a negation-by-truth-value interaction, whereas for the long-delay condition we found a main effect of truth value. Comprehenders routinely create experiential simulations of the described state of affairs when processing sentences.

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